| 2030 Demand | Non‑China (2025) | Gap | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NdPr | 50,000 t | 20,000 t | 60% |
| Heavy REEs | 5,000 t | 500 t | 90% |
Sources: International Energy Agency (IEA), Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 (Oct 2025), p. 45‑47 [iea.org]; CSIS, Rare Earth Supply Chain Risks (Oct 9, 2025) [csis.org]. Projections based on STEPS scenario; gaps derived from 85‑90% Chinese processing dominance.